Human factor failures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7237 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1Concept and objectives Explain the concept of your project. What are the main ideas that led you to propose this work? Describe in detail the ST objectives. Show how they relate to the topics addressed by the call, which you should explicitly identify. The objectives should be those achievable within the project, not through subsequent development. They should be stated in a measurable and verifiable form, including through the milestones that will be indicated under section 1.3 below. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human factor failures" essay for you Create order Introduction From EU statistics is known that at least 50% of accidents on EU roads is caused by human factor failures. These human caused losses had represented in 2008 about 100 billion Euros and more than 20000 killed people. Unfortunately, these figures increase from year to year. They are caused by two factors mainly: Till now almost permanently acting increase of the road transport intensity (though some expectations were made last time that road transport intensity will decrease because the world financial crisis, this appears to be true), faults of the drivers interactions with vehicle and their incorrect reaction on the situation on road. The proposed project is focused on the second mentioned factor, which acts in all kinds of road traffic and concerns the drivers of all kinds of vehicles. There are various approaches how to diminish the negative influences of this factor. However, the analyses made in last few years say that significant decrease of these tremendous losses can be reached by development of more efficient methods of driver training for to be resistive against decreases of their attention, to attention splitting caused by influence of environmental factors and also to tendencies to non-tolerant and aggressive behaviour or stress influences when driving. The positive effect of such advanced training holds a considerably long time (several months and more). The wider scale application of such methods, especially on professional cargo truck drivers, drivers of long distance busses and drivers of dangerous goods transporting vehicles can bring besides the significant decrease of road accidents, saving human lives and money, also the not neglect-able decrease of fuel consumption, air pollution and time saving (estimated to 10% and more). These methods are dominantly based on bio-feedback approach, oriented on the use of advanced analysis of electroencephalographic EEG signals and of other selected brain activity indicators. The bio-feedback based methods are non-invasive in principle and in contrary to almost all on drugs consumption based approaches to attention enhancement (amphetamines etc.) do not include the danger of narcolepsy. The bio-feedback methods of advanced training is not restricted in age and sex, however in respective testing of developed advanced approaches the modelling of the real composition of driver population will be respected. 1.1.1 Goal The goal of this proposal is to develop and test novel advanced methods for training the of road vehicle drivers allowing to reach their improved resistance to attention decreases and failures (namely attention splitting and/or switching to aggressive style of driving) in interaction with vehicle. 1.1.2 Technical and scientific challenges The human machine interaction (HMI) is known for many years as most important, but very un-reliable and un-safety factor in all the activities in contemporary transportation, especially those, realized on roads. Human subjects made a lot of faults, react late, made wrong or incorrect decisions, forgot. In general, there are the following three main kinds of reasons for such human subject failures when driving vehicle: The natural subsequent decreases of attention, to which each human subject in course of any his/her activity is exposed, 2.The humoral negative influences on particular subject caused by abnormal high presence of alcohol and/or other drugs in particular subject body, 3.The sudden changes of respective subject behaviour from tolerant to aggressive character. As far as is known, the reason a) has to be considered as main cause of accident in about 50% of cases, while the two other share the rest approximately halve to halve. Besides these well known sources of human subject failures the attention has to be given also to splitting of driver attention from observing the fundamental stimuli (concerning the situation on road) to marginal stimuli(including various in car cockpit installed assistance systems and nomadic devices), invading the driver attention, influence of environmental factors, like the level and kind of illumination, temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure etc. psychical and general humoral conditions in which the driver starts driving and to their eventual changes appearing in the course of his/her driving activity. There is very problematic to fight with all these types of problems of driver car interaction reliability at once. Nevertheless, the advanced driver training for higher resistance to attention decreases and attention splitting have to be considered as key tool for it. This is the reason, why the project Attractions is focused before all at the minimizing of the negative effects of natural decreases of attention, to which each driver, providing his/her driving activity for longer interval of time has to face. 1.2Progress beyond the state-of-the-art Describe the state-of-the-art in the area !! concerned, and the advance that the proposed project would bring about. If applicable, refer to the results of any patent search you might have carried out. The project Attractions is oriented dominantly to development of methods and necessary tools (both HW and SW) for training the drivers to be significantly more resistive to decreases of their attention in the course of longer driving and to dangerous splitting of attention from the situation on road caused due the influences of on driver impacting disturbing marginal stimuli. Current projects are focussed on the development of technical tools based on sensor input to analyse the behaviour of car drivers and on the development of biofeedback measured by EMG and ECG devices. The innovative aspect of the cuurent project is the use of EEG devices and the combination with EMG and ECG devices. The attention level of cardrivers will be measured by bran activity. These methods are based on deeper understanding of driver brain activities in course of his/her driving the vehicle, namely on advanced analysis of appropriate combination of driver EEG, EMG, ECG, near-infrared transparency signals and other suitable indicators (skin impedance, breath temperature, face grimaces etc). They will use the bio-feedback oriented stimulation of increasing the driver resistance to human driving failures, namely to attention decreases and splitting due both the environmental and in-vehicle disturbing influences. As main tool for such advanced driver training the compact driving simulators equipped by adaptive 2- and 3D scenarios will serve. As training reward and punishment the use of adaptive modifications of simulator scenarios are expected. Because the applicability of bio-feedback based methods of training concerns in general only a part of driver population (estimated now at about 60%), the group of professional drivers (truck, busses, special vehicles, drivers of dangerous cargo) will stay in the focus of interest in this project. The efficiency of methods and tools, developed in the proposed project will be tested on reasonable large sample of such professional drivers, on which also the time duration of respective driver advanced state and possibility of repeated retraining will be verified. This will be done by double-blind testing before and after the training of satisfactory large volunteer cohort. Finally, the methodology for wider application of such advanced driver training will be proposed with respect to national and regional specifics existing in on project participating European countries. Project expected deliverables consist in: Methods for driver training for higher resistance to attention decreasing Methods for driver training for higher resistance to attention splitting Special simulator scenarios in virtual reality for bio-feedback training of driver higher resistance to attention decreases and splitting Compact publication (book) on bio-feedback application to driver training 1.2.1 Natural mechanisms of attention decreases As is well known, the level of human subject attention can be expressed by various indicators. As most suitable for practical application we recommend restrict on following three: the reaction time RT, considered as time interval between appearing of some stimulus (usually of visual nature) and driver reaction, the probability Pcorr of driver correct response on certain stimulus, the size and shape of the actual driver visual field, measured usually by simplification on horizontal observation angle. From these indicators the figure of merit of attention level LA can be expressed, e.g. as LA = |RT-1, Pcorr, |. I dont understand this formula The value of LA is influenced by many factors, but in any case it changes with time. An example of such changes is shown in Fig. 1. In the course of longer driving exposition, the attention level of each driver decreases, as is idealized shown in Fig.1. While the phase of full attention (yellow) and of relaxation (green) can be considered as acceptable with respect to driving safety, the other three (somnolence blue, hypnagogium and micro-sleep red to dark violet, awaking light violet) have to be considered as dangerous. Of course, in some cases the sequence of phases can be shortened. Naturally, there is a need to train the drivers so, that the appearances of these dangerous phases in his/her attention development come as delayed as possible. 1.2.2 Mechanisms of attention splitting Besides the natural decreases the driver attention is influenced almost permanently by various stimuli, detouring its focusing from the situation on road in front of his/her vehicle to marginal events. Such stimuli spit the effective level of the actual disposal level of driver attention so that only the minor part, often too small for safe driving remains for safe driving. Though the length of influence of these marginal stimuli is usually not too long, even the short splitting of driver attention can be dangerous, especially in high speed and in dense traffic. There are two main ways how to diminish this danger: Limitation of the number, density and intensity of marginal stimuli influencing the driver, Training the driver for higher resistance to marginal stimuli influence. The second one stands in the focus of interest in this project, because the EEG and near infrared light brain transparency oriented biofeedback can be considered as good tool for the improving driver resistance to such marginal stimuli influences. 1.2.3 Principles of advanced training One of the most prospective advanced methods of driver training to be more resistive to attention decreases is based on biofeedback (BF). Biofeedback methodology itself is known for about 20 years as treatment technique in which human subjects are trained to improve their physiological functions by using some suitable significant signals from their own bodies. Usually the EEG signals are used for such purpose. BF is till now used mainly for attention improvement of children and student, in some special applications also for pilots. Till now it was not used for vehicle drivers. (This not true, BF is used for many years for improving driving behaviour but using EEG is innovative). Its application in this area opens an approach to reach significant gain in road accident decreasing. For such purpose the BF based approach will be extended besides the EEG on using the wider combination of human brain and body activity characterizing signals, namely coming from skin, heart (ECG), muscles (EMG), brain (besides EEG also the transparency of neat-infrared light) etc. The respective subjects are learned how to understand the information hidden in these signals and are forced (by suitable rewards and punishments) for modification of these signals by their will in the form, corresponding to vigilant stage and eventually also to tolerant behaviour. The most common is the use of electroencephalographic signal for this purpose, but some novel results reached in investigations of near infrared analysis of human brain seem to open the hope that also in this base the efficient BF could be developed. Some psycho-therapeutic experts use at present the BF methodology to decrease intra-psychic tense in anxious and depressive patients and epileptics or learn to relax students who suffered from attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The main system for consciousness (thalamo-cortical reverberation circuit) generates whole brain electromagnetic oscillations permanently, during all the considered person life. These oscillations project as very complicated electric or magnetic field on surface of head, usually of frequencies 0,5-30 Hz and more. With respect to technical applicability, the electric component of this electromagnetic field is usually preferred. From the EEG signals one chooses certain significant frequency band e.g. the so called SMR (Sensory Motor Rhythm = 13-18 Hz). The appearance of SMR episodes in particular trained person EEG signals is rewarded in appropriate manner (e.g. by success in simultaneously watched game or by another suitable form). The respective person is so stimulated to repeat SMR still more often. Similar, the absence of SMR is punished. This brings into the trained person brain function the factor of electro-genesis and into his/her psych the tendency which projects its own property, which is motor inhibition and attention increasing. This is aim of therapeutically and/or learning oriented processes, in which people are trained to improve their physiological functions by using suitable (e.g. electrical EEG) signals from their own bodies (one can use magnetic component of brain electromagnetic field too, but the necessary equipment is much heavy and expensive). Neurologists use the EEG biofeedback to put down the epileptic attacks [29] or to help stroke patients regain movement in paralyzed muscles. Psycho-therapeutists and psychiatrists use it to decrease intra-psychical tense in anxious and depressive clients [22, 24], schizophrenic patients [13] and learn to relax boys who suffered from ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorders) syndrome [17, 19, 23]. PET (positron emission tomography) shows metabolic reduction in some brain structures, e.g. superior prefrontal and premotoric areas, fMRI shows hypoactivity in gyrus occipitotemporalis and in both amygdalae, see Fig.2. Fig. 2: Longitudinal section of the brain. AA area adolfactoria or septal nuclei, rhythmic generator for hippocampus (HI). AM -amygdala, part of limbic system. HI and AM are structures where are very often localized epileptic foci (EF). ARAS ascendent reticular activation system, centrum for vigilance maintenance. BO bulbus olfactorius, odours perception. CO neocortex, 95% of all cortex, logical, rational, kognitive, speech centra etc. GC gyrus cinguli, attention and perception of pain. HI hippocampus, old cortex, emotional and memory functions. HT hypothalamus, the highest neurovegetative centrum. HY hypophysis, gland with the highest neurohumoral endokrinne functions. LBF lobulus parietalis, part of neocortex for touch, pain and attention. LC locus caeruleus, nucleus for paradoxical sleep regulation. MES.- mesencephalon, midbrain, superior part of brain- stem. NR nucleus ruber, motor centrum. M.oblong. medulla oblongata, inferior part of brain stem. NRA nuclei raphe, c entra for synchronnous sleep regulation. PF prefrontal cortex, rational function, operating memory, attention, psychic Ego. PM premotorr cortex, area for movement preparation. Pons Varoli middle part of brainstem. The results suggest that EEG BF has the capacity to normalize the functioning of the brain structure (left superior parietal lobule), mainly of right anterior part of gyrus cinguli, the key neural substrate of selective attention. There is therefore recommendable to use the EEG BF technique for increasing attention and for improving the resistance to attention decreases and for elimination of somnolence stages of drivers, pilots etc.. Anatomical and functional substrate of consciousness is thalamo-cortical reverberation circuit which permanently products electromagnetic waves during the day and night in frequency between 1 30 Hz. Every narrow band from this whole spectrum has its own property. SMR activity (13 -18 Hz) accompanying the motor inhibition and better attention is used as training for calming and quietness. SMR, like another EEG activities comes at the beginning of observation quite randomly. But if every SMR episode is rewarded in appropriate way, the trained person brain becomes to be positively stimulated. These situations represent for trained person a pleasure. Thanks to such motivation the previous situations are implemented in thalamo-cortical circuits and in memory. This mechanism activity is than repeated many time. SMR time index increases and SMR activity is transformed into electro-genesis and later on into psychic tendency to keep it for longer time. The aim of BF is reached. Therefore anxiety, hyperactivity, epileptic attacks decreases and resistance to attention decreases rises. This probably can concern also the changes of driver behaviour. Measurements show that most effective for tasks coupled with EEG attentiveness is stimulation in area around electrode C3 (in the system 10/20), while subjects effort is to maximize SMR and suppress variance and aggression (theta and beta activity respectively). The therapeutic tools allow setting up different biases for SMR activation, which gives the possibility of progressive training. Next two graphs show analysis of the SMR, beta and beta2 activity of one subject in the beginning and by the end of the short (10 rounds) biofeedback training. It is possible to see that SMR activity is higher (testify for higher concentration abilities) meanwhile beta activity is relatively lower after training . 1.3S/T methodology and associated work plan A detailed work plan should be presented, broken down into work package(WPs) which should follow the logical phases of the implementation of the project, and include consortium management and assessment of progress and results. (Please note that your overall approach to management will be described later, in section 2). Please present your plans as follows: Describe the overall strategy of the work plan (Maximum length one page) Show the timing of the different WPs and their components (Gantt chart or similar). Provide a detailed work description broken down into work packages. Work package list (please use table 1.3a). Deliverables list (please use table 1.3b). List of milestones (please use table 1.3c) Description of each work package (please use table 1.3d) Summary effort table (1.3e) Provide a graphical presentation of the components showing their interdependencies (Pert diagram or similar) Describe any significant risks, and associated contingency plans Note: The number of work packages used must be appropriate to the complexity of the work and the overall value of the proposed project.The planning should be sufficiently detailed to justify the proposed effort and allow progress monitoring by the Commission. This project is focussed on the realisation of the following goals: The creation of a set of tested methods for advanced training of drivers for higher resistance to attention decreases, attention splitting and to sudden conversions from tolerant to aggressive behaviour. This will be realised by the use of existing tools and technologies from the car simulators, PTW simulators, virtual reality scenarios and bio-feedback methodology.. The verification and testing of the wide scale applicability of developed methods respecting some specifics of age, sex, skill and locality of drivers. Test experiments. In the course of the project the virtual environment and learning methodology and material will be tested. 1.3.1 Software design methodology As was mentioned above a lot of considerably new software has to be developed in the course of this project solution. At the start of the project the requirements on it have to be formulated. This software tools will be oriented into following main areas: Software modules for special virtual scenarios Software modules for car-simulator and PTW-simulator control and providing of measurements Software modules for bio-feedback training Software modules for training efficiency and enhanced driver attention duration. Because this software toolsmodules will be developed by various participants of the project, they will have to fulfil all new software modules need to require the compatibility requirements. To develop the such ssoftware modules an incremental and iterative approach will be used (: a sequence of successive prototypes of increasing complexity and maturity) will be used. This approach allows the availability of preliminary software modules in early stages of the project and the necessary feedback to refine requirements and designs. After that, the evaluation of these modules with respect to their applicability will be provided. Finally the .integration of the respective well tested and in operation verified software modules will be made. 1.3.2 Project Methodology The project is composed of a number of steps. These steps will be translated in work packages (WP). Because of the relations between the successive WPs, they will be executed both in a sequential and in parallel way. In the following description the main successive steps will be mentioned before all. The steps solved in parallel are mentioned secondly. Step 1 The main goal of the project is to design and develop a tool for improving the resistance of road vehicle drivers to failures of attention and of their behaviour character. For that: a) the improved knowledge of attention decreases and attention splitting mechanisms is necessary. For this, the interest will be focused in the WP 1. Because of the very high individuality of human subjects, considerably high number of tested persons (probands) has to be investigated (at least 24 probands for each experiment, by respecting the division of each such proband cohort with respect to age and sex). In parallel various approaches to training of drivers to improved resistance to attention failures will be tested with special regard to those, based on bio-feedback methodology. Step 2 The actual state of driver attention level driver can be estimated and measured by the use of various attention indicators differing in their suitability for advanced driver training, the speed and specificity of particular indicator will be taken into account as two dominant criteria. Because at present no universal indicator is known, the interest will be given to selection of their proper combination. A special interest will be given to indicators based on brain signal analysis, which are probably the most specific and fastest. However their practical applicability is limited because of the necessity to install some special sensors on driver head. Therefore in parallel the interest will be given also to those indicators which are easier for practical use (based on analysis of face grimaces and eye movements and on various signals of driver body). Because of their lower specificity and speed, they have however to be calibrated by the indicators based on brain signals. Step 3 When a suitable set of driver attention and behaviour indicators is found, the methodology of its use for bio-feedback training of driver to improved resistance to attention and behaviour faults will be developed. The respective software will be installed at disposable driving simulators and the efficiency of respective training methods will be tested. Step 4 The best methodologies will be specified and the respective software tolls will be integrated. In parallel the wide size applicability of such training methodology will be investigated, with special regard to enhanced driver stage durability and to his/her retraining possibility. The eventual negative effect of such advanced training of drivers will be taken under investigation. Step 5 The analysis of expectable economic effect of wide size application of such advanced training of special driver categories will be provided. The eventual social aspect for society health will be also taken into account. Second Life is already hosted by the Linden Company. Nevertheless the pros and cons of such hosting still need to be investigated before adopting a final virtual environment. The posed objectives will be achieved following these steps and completing the activities, described in the proposed work packages 1 6. The work package 7 will be oriented to project management. The work-plan is given in Table 1, which exhibits the systemized work packages, the expected outputs, which activities will lead to these outcomes, duration of these activities (start and end), which partners will be involved and how many man-months are needed. Work package list Work package No Work package title Type of activity Lead partic no. Lead partic. short name Person-months Start month End month6 WP1 Investigation of driver attention decrease mechanisms and of the advanced methods for driver training RTD 1 CTU FTS / LCPC 60 1 12 WP2 Analysis and recommendation of suitable indicators for driver brain actual stage representation with special regard to possibility of use for bio-feedback based training RTD 2 TRL 45 6 18 WP3 Development of methodology for bio-feedback based training of professional drivers by the use of the set of indicators specified in WP 2 Development of special simulator scenarios for combined positive and negative driver stimulation of drivers for improved resistance to attention failures RTD 3 TUD 55 16 30 WP4 Development of special simulator scenarios for combined positive and negative driver stimulation of drivers for improved resistance to attention failures RTD 1 CTU FTS 38 18 34 WP5 Testing the efficiency, durability, and re-trainability of such bio-feedback training on statistically significant sample of driver population. Analysis of eventual negative effects. R TD 5 LCPC / CHU Bdx 38 18 30 WP6 Estimation of economic and ecologic effect of such advanced driver training application. RTD 5 D 45 25 35 WP7 Management RTD 1 IDS 11 1 36 TOTAL 294 List of Deliverables Del. no. Deliverable name WP no. Nature Dissemi-nation level Delivery date (proj. month) 1.1. Report on literature survey containing a list with a state of the art and a comparison of driver education methods WP1 R CO 5 2.1. Report on the study on the attention indicators. WP2 R CO 16 2.2. Evaluation reports of suitable attention indicators and their recommended set WP2 R CO 18 3.1. Evaluation report on bio-feedback driver training to increased resistance to attention decreases WP3 R CO 28 4.1. Package of simulator scenarios WP4 R RE 30 5.1. Evaluation report on bio-feedback methods applicability WP5 R CO 30 6.1. Report on the bio-feedback methods efficiency and gained driver improvement duration. WP6 R CO 35 7.1. Partner agreements between coordinator and each partner. WP7 O CO 1 7.2. The rules for maintaining the partnership established. WP7 O CO 2 7.3 Detailed progress reports (Report on the organized conferences and participation in scientific conferences, a list of presented papers and publications) WP7 R RE Milestones Milestones are control points where decisions are needed with regard to the next stage of the project. For example, a milestone may occur when a major result has been achieved, if its successful attainment is a required for the next phase of work. Another example would be a point when the consortium must decide which of several technologies to adopt for further development. Milestone number Milestone name Work package(s) involved Expected date Means of verification 1 Recommended set of attention indicators WP2 Month 12 Attention indicators methods and software package. 2 Software package of simulator scenarios WP4 Month 33 Remotely accessible with client software 3 Recommended methods of bio-feedback based driver training for improved resistance to attention decrease and splitting WP3 Month 30 Remotely accessible with project partners and clients 4 Bio-feedback training effect durability testing complete WP5 Month 30 Report and recommendation 5 Bio-feedback re-trainability testing complete WP5 Month 30 Report and recommendation Work package description Work package number WP1 Start date or starting event: M1 Work package title Investigation of driver attention decrease mechanisms and of the advanced methods for driver training Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D LCPCINRETS CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 25 15 10 5 5 5 15 70 Objectives Formulate the requirements on driver attention level in the course of his/her driving activity. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 1.1. Identify requirements for the level of attention of road vehicle driver in the course of his/her driving activity in different driving conditions and for different kinds of vehicles. Identify the environmental influence and influence of on-board assistance systems. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7. Task 1.2. Study of attention decreases mechanisms, with special regard both to natural decreases caused by driver fatigue and to attention splitting caused by marginal stimuli. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P7. Task 1.3. Selection of the most suitable method for driver education and training. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2 P3, P5, P6, P7. Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 1.1. Report on literature survey containing a list with a state of the art and a comparison of driver education methods (M5) Work package number WP2 Start date or starting event: M6 Work package title Analysis and recommendation of suitable indicators for driver brain actual stage representation with special regard to possibility of use for bio-feedback based training Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETSCHU Bdx Person-months per participant 10 15 10 5 5 10 55 Objectives Analysis and recommendation of suitable set of driver actual attention level indicators Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 2.1. Analysis of the specificity and speed of attention indicators oriented to driver brain activity, with special regard to EEG signals, EMG signals and brain transparency in near-infrared region. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P7. Task 2.2. Analysis of specificity and speed of attention indicators oriented to eye-movements and face grimaces. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P7. Task 2.3. Analysis of specificity and speed of attention indicators oriented to humoral signals of human body (namely temperature of skin, temperature of breath, ECG signals). This task will be performed by partners P1, P2 P3, P4, P5, P7. Task 2.4 Recommendation of the set of indicators suitable for bio-feedback oriented methods of driver training for enhanced resistance to attention decreases and splitting. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2 P3, P4, P5. Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 2.1 Report on the study on the attention indicators. (M16) 2.2 Evaluation reports of suitable attention indicators and their recommended set. (M18) Work package number WP3 Start date or starting event: M16 Work package title Activity type Participant number Participant short name Person-months per participant Objectives Evaluation report on bio-feedback driver training to increased resistance to attention decreases. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 3.1 Evaluation of bio-feedback driver training methods oriented to increasing of driver resistance to attention decreases and attention splitting This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5. P6, P7. Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 3.1 Evaluation report on bio-feedback driver training to increased resistance to attention decreases (M28) Work package number WP4 Start date or starting event: M18 Work package title Development of methodology for bio-feedback based training of professional drivers by the use of indicators specified in WP2 Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETS CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 15 8 8 5 5 15 5 61 Objectives Software package of simulator scenarios. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 4.1 Specific simulator scenarios in 2D and 3D allowing punishment and rewarding for improved resistance to attention decreases This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task 4.2 Specific simulator scenarios for improved resistance to attention splitting This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task.4.3 Specific simulator scenarios for deleting the tendency to aggressive behaviour methods oriented to increasing of driver resistance to attention decreases and attention splitting This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 Task.4.4 Simulator experiments compatibility Definition of common measurement protocol, development of common scenario definition for simulator experiments, validation on all simulators used within the project This task will be performed by partners P1, P6, P7 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 4.1 Software package of simulator scenarios (M30) Work package number WP5 Start date or starting event: Work package title Testing of the efficiency, durability and re-trainability of bio-feedback training on statistically significant sample of driver population. Analysis of eventual negative effects. Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETSLCPC CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 10 10 5 5 15 5 10 60 Objectives Analysis of bio-feedback driver training methods applicability. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 5.1 Analysis of training applicability with special regard on wide scale use and gain effect durability This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task 5.2 Analysis of the probability of successful application in wide scale applications This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7 Task 5.3 Analysis of eventual negative effects of developed methods This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P4, P5, P6, P7 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 5.1 Evaluation report on bio-feedback methods applicability (M30) Work package number WP6 Start date or starting event: M25 Work package title Estimation of economic and ecologic effect of such advanced driver training application Activity type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETSLCPC CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 10 10 5 5 15 10 5 60 Objectives Analysis of the bio-feedback methods efficiency and duration of driver resistance to attention decreases and splitting improvement. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 6.1. Analysis of the economic and ecologic gain of wide-scale application of developed methods This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 6.2. Analysis of conditions and requirements for wide-scale application of developed methods This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P5, P7 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery 6.1 Report on the bio-feedback methods efficiency and gained driver improvement duration. (M35) Work package number WP7 Start date or starting event: M1 Work package title Management Activity type MGT Participant number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Participant short name CTU TRL TUD TU D INRETS CHU Bdx Person-months per participant 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 13 Objectives Tocreate an efficient management structure, applying the most modern information and communication technologies. Description of work (possibly broken down into tasks) and role of partners Task 7.1. The rules of reference for maintaining the partnership established. This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 Task 7.2. The infrastructure of the project established and developed This task will be performed by partners P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7 7.3. The evaluation procedures and performance indicators developed. This task will be performed by partners P1 7.4. Work meetings organized. This task will be performed by partners P1 7.5. Project coordinated. Report elaborated This task will be performed by partners P1 Deliverables (brief description) and month of delivery Summary of effort A summary of the effort is useful for the evaluators. Please indicate in the table number of person months over the whole duration of the planned work, for each work package by each participant. Identify the work-package leader for each WP by showing the relevant person-month figure in bold. Partic. no. Partic. short name WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 Total person months 1 CTU 30 10 15 15 10 10 5 95 2 TRL 15 15 10 8 10 10 2 70 3 TUD 10 10 15 8 5 5 2 55 4 TU 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 29 5 D 5 5 10 5 15 15 1 56 6 LCPCINRETS 5 0 5 15 5 10 1 41 7 CHU Bdx 15 10 15 5 10 5 1 61 Total 65 45 55 41 43 45 11 304 Section 2.Implementation (Maximum length for Section 2.1 five pages) 2.1Management structure and procedures Describe the organisational structure and decision-making mechanisms of the project. Show how they are matched to the complexity and scale of the project. 2.2 Individual participants (Maximum length for Section 2.2: one page per participant. However, where two or more departments within an organisation have quite distinct roles within the proposal, one page per department is acceptable. The maximum length applying to a legal entity composed of several members, each of which is a separate legal entity (for example an EEIG), is one page per member, provided that the members have quite distinct roles within the proposal.) For each participant in the proposed project, provide a brief description of the legal entity, the main tasks they have been attributed, and the previous experience relevant to those tasks. Provide also a short profile of the individuals who will be undertaking the work. 2.3Consortium as a whole (No maximum length for Section 2.3 depends on the size and complexity of the consortium) Describe how the participants collectively constitute a consortium capable of achieving the project objectives, and how they are suited and are committed to the tasks assigned to them. Show the complementarity between participants. Explain how the composition of the consortium is well-balanced in relation to the objectives of the project. If appropriate describe the industrial/commercial involvement to ensure exploitation of the results. i) Sub-contracting: If any part of the work is to be sub-contracted by the participant responsible for it, describe the work involved and explain why a sub-contract approach has been chosen for it. ii) Other countries: If a one or more of the participants requesting EU funding is based outside of the EU Member states, Associated countries and the list of International Cooperation Partner Countries, explain in terms of the projects objectives why such funding would be essential. 2.4Resources to be committed (Maximum length for Section 2.4 two pages) Describe how the totality of the necessary resources will be mobilised, including any resources that will complement the EC contribution. Show how the resources will be integrated in a coherent way, and show how the overall financial plan for the project is adequate. In addition to the costs indicated on form A3 of the proposal, and the effort shown in section 1.3 above, please identify any other major costs (e.g. equipment). Ensure that the figures stated in Part B are consistent with these. Section 3.Impact (Maximum length for the whole of Section 3 ten pages) 3.1Expected impacts listed in the work programme Describe how your project will contribute towards the expected impacts listed in the work programme in relation to the topic or topics in question. Mention the steps that will be needed to bring about these impacts. Explain why this contribution requires a European (rather than a national or local) approach. Indicate how account is taken of other national or international research activities. Mention any assumptions and external factors that may determine whether the impacts will be achieved. 3.2Dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and management of intellectual property Describe the measures you propose for the dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and how these will increase the impact of the project. In designing these measures, you should take into account a variety of communication means and target groups as appropriate (e.g. policy-makers, interest groups, media and the public at large). Describe also your plans for the management of knowledge (intellectual property) acquired in the course of the project. Section 4.Ethical Issues (No maximum length for Section 4 depends on the number and complexity of the ethical issues involved) Describe any ethical issues that may arise in their proposal. In particular, you should explain the benefit and burden of their experiments and the effects it may have on the research subject. The following special issues should be taken into account: Informed consent: When describing issues relating to informed consent, it will be necessary to illustrate an appropriate level of ethical sensitivity, and consider issues of insurance, incidental findings and the consequences of leaving the study. Data protection issues: Avoid the unnecessary collection and use of personal data. Identify the source of the data, describing whether it is collected as part of the research or is previously collected data being used. Consider issues of informed consent for any data being used. Describe how personal identify of the data is protected. Use of animals: Where animals are used in research the application of the 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) must be convincingly addressed. Numbers of animals should be specified. State what happens to the animals after the research experiments. Human embryonic stem cells: Research proposals that will involve human embryonic stem cells (hESC) will have to address all the following specific points: the necessity to use hESC in order to achieve the scientific objectives set forth in the proposal. whether the applicants have taken into account the legislation, regulations, ethical rules and/or codes of conduct in place in the country(ies) where the research using hESC is to take place, including the procedures for obtaining informed consent; the source of the hESC the measures taken to protect personal data, including genetic data, and privacy; the nature of financial inducements, if any. Identify the countries where research will be undertaken and which ethical committees and regulatory organisations will need to be approached during the life of the project. Include the Ethical issues table below. If you indicate YES to any issue, please identify the pages in the proposal where this ethical issue is described. If you are sure that none of the issues apply to your proposal, simply tick the YES box in the last row. Notes: For further information on ethical issues relevant to ICT, see annex 5 of the Guide for applicants. Only in exceptional cases will additional information be sought for clarification, which means that any ethical review will be performed solely on the basis of the information available in your proposal. ETHICAL ISSUES TABLE YES PAGE Informed Consent Does the proposal involve children? Does the proposal involve patients or persons not able to give consent? Does the proposal involve adult healthy volunteers? Does the proposal involve Human Genetic Material? Does the proposal involve Human biological samples? Does the proposal involve Human data collection? Research on Human embryo/foetus Does the proposal involve Human Embryos? Does the proposal involve Human Foetal Tissue / Cells? Does the proposal involve Human Embryonic Stem Cells? Privacy Does the proposal involve processing of genetic information or personal data (eg. health, sexual lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion, religious or philosophical conviction) Does the proposal involve tracking the location or observation of people? Research on Animals Does the proposal involve research on animals? Are those animals transgenic small laboratory animals? Are those animals transgenic farm animals? Are those animals cloned farm animals? Are those animals non-human primates? Research Involving Developing Countries Use of local resources (genetic, animal, plant etc) Impact on local community Dual Use Research having direct military application Research having the potential for terrorist abuse ICT Implants Does the proposal involve clinical trials of ICT implants? I CONFIRM THAT NONE OF THE ABOVE ISSUES APPLY TO MY PROPOSAL A work package is a major sub-division of the proposed project with a verifiable end-point normally a deliverable or a milestone in the overall project. Workpackage number: WP 1 WP n. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium Number of the participant leading the work in this work package. The total number of person-months allocated to each work package. Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). Deliverable numbers in order of delivery dates. Please use the numbering convention WP number.number of deliverable within that WP. For example, deliverable 4.2 would be the second deliverable from work package 4. Please indicate the nature of the deliverable using one of the following codes: R = Report, P = Prototype, D = Demonstrator, O = Other Please indicate the dissemination level using one of the following codes: PU = Public PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services). RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services). CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services). Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). Show how you will confirm that the milestone has been attained. Refer to indicators if appropriate. For example: a laboratory prototype completed and running flawlessly; software released and validated by a user group; field survey complete and data quality validated. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development; DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium. See CORDIS web-site, and annex 1 of the work programme.

The Struggle For Gender Equality - 1800 Words

Is it accurate to state that the struggle for gender equality in Europe was successful during the twentieth century? Previous to the twentieth century, women were unable to vote in Europe, which contributed towards a disparity between genders. Early twentieth century saw the majority of working class women’s lives across Europe revolving around household and family duties, with the education world being closed to them and the opportunity of having a job restricted. This immediately shows an inequality and divide between women and men, showing evidence that woman was living ‘in a man’s world’. However things began to evolve during the twentieth century as it witnessed many European countries in giving women the political right to vote. Primarily, Finland gave women the vote in 1906, Britain followed although not until 1928, and Italy finally accepted women should vote in 1945. Although the passing of these laws demonstrate emancipation towards women, is it accurate to state that the struggle for gender equality in Europe was successful during the twentieth century? Essen tially the struggle for gender equality was not completely triumphant during the twentieth century, as although women were successful in gaining the vote, this was only one aspect towards achieving gender equality. Firstly in Britain in 1894, the Local Government Act allowed women who own property to vote locally, however it was only a small amount of women who this concerned, therefore had littleShow MoreRelatedDamned If I Don t : Women s Struggle For Gender Equality1586 Words   |  7 Pages201 April 27, 2015 Damned if I Do, Damned if I Don’t: Women’s Struggle for Gender Equality Inequality between men and women has been occurring since the beginning of time. Over the years, activists for feminism have fought to close the gender gap that has put a setback on all aspects of a woman’s life. 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Now you may think I’ve made some kind of silly mistake about gender, or maybe that I’m trying to fool you, because my first name ends in a, and I own three bras, and I’ve been pregnant five times, and other things like that that you might have noticed, little details† (The Wave In the Mind pg 3) discloses that no matter what â€Å"role† is placed on a gender, it is paramount to preserve equality and acceptance. In mostRead MoreFeminism is simply a sociological theory, which states that men and women are equal. Feminism is900 Words   |  4 Pageswhich states that men and women are equal. Feminism is mainly concerned with giving rights to women by highlighting the numerous ways in which women have rendered to society. Feminist theorists believe in the social, political, and economic equality of genders and believe that each has his own rights as well as duties. They strive to give the oppressed women their full rights that are being taken every day. 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Pirates of Globalization free essay sample

CAST STUDY NO. 2 PIRATES OF GLOBALIZATION Presented to Professor (Dr. ) Joseph F. Aiyeku MB 616: International Business Management. By Group No. 2 1. What actions con companies and governments take to ensure that products cannot be easily pirates? Be specific. Answer: For example of garments products of Tommy Hilfiger; there are three categories for man, woman and children wears Products for man; Sport wear, Tailored, Underwear, Bags and eyewear Products for woman; Sport wear, underwear, Bags, Eyewear Products for Children wear; Apparel. Tommy Hilfiger should ship materials to the country for manufacturing just enough for the amount of finish goods requirement and have the manufacturer s to send back the rest of unfinished material to the main branch in order to protect from pirating products ? Tommy Hilfiger should pay well to the manufacturers employees in order not to have them stocked the rest of material or make copied of products by sending to another countries in black markets, then the products will have pirated worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Pirates of Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Do you think that the international business community is being too lax about the abuse of intellectual-property rights? Are international companies simply afraid to speak out for fear of jeopardizing access to attractive markets? Answer: It depends on the products. If the products are marketed for automotive parts which will affect people’s life such as break, fluids, filters, batteries etc. When consumers are in accident because of a ounterfeits products, the legitimate manufacturer needs to prove that the product is not their own and will be out of their responsibilities. In contrast, if the products are clothes that sell on the street, people who buy those products they know what they are buying that it’s not real. Buying cheap t-shirts which is very easy to shrink in laundry machine. Customer they know what they are getting for what they are paying the Answer: Yes, for example in China an international company has difficulty fighting piracy because filing a lawsuit can severely damage its business relations there. Since government officials are people who run the pirated company such as China’s national army operates factories who make pirated goods. In addition, criminals are often connected to political leaders and receive legal protection from prosecution. Then an international company who operates in China have to be very careful about that because it’s easily to be getting out of business. They have to control the genuine products to be sold in US, CANADA or AUSTRALIA only, then they can have their sales volume in particular basis. 3 . Increased digital communications may pose a threat to intellectual property because technology allows people to create perfect clones of original works. How do you think the Internet might affect intellectual—property laws? Answer: Since internet is very easy to access anywhere in the world, everything now becomes to be peer to peer system it’s very difficult for any kind of protections after getting online. However, Napster Software Company is made money by having people sign up for being memberships for free at the beginning, when more subscribers they start to charge for downloading songs, movies online in order to pay to the companies for patents, trademarks or copyrights. Both sides can get benefit. Sellers can save money for the rental space cost, copying cds labor cost or even bribery while buyers can save their time by downloading what they want and smaller cost for being share by peer to peer system with multiple users. 4. Locate information on the Tiffany vs. Bay Lawsuit mentioned in the case. Identify the arguments of the plaintiff and the defendant and who prevailed. What are the implications of that lawsuit for the sale of counterfeits in online auctions? Answer: EBay won the suit in part because it was able to show that it takes measures to prevent counterfeit items from being sold on its site. In addition to providing brands with tools to search for their items and request removal, the company also has technology that searches for suspicious listings, such as hundreds of supposedly Gucci bags offered by one seller in China.

It Impacts On the Goods and the Services of the Nestle Australia

Question: How to impacts on the goods and the services of the Nestle Australia? Answer: Introducation Nestle is a multinational corporation that has been dealing in the food and the beverage business. The company has been performing exceptionally sound in the global business sector especially when pulling in the clients. The Nestle Australia limited was established during 1867, and has been a provider of food and the drink (Carruthers, 2016). The company provides a wide-ranging assortment of the dairy milk items, noodles in the various essences, chocolates, frozen food products as well as espressos. Additionally, it provides an assortment of the cold and the hot beverages, light desserts along with the range of the confectionery store as well as the pastry kit and the bakery things (Phillips, 2014). The company has also been taking interest in the Oceania society who have been previously been recognized for the mixtures as well as the variety of the monetary conditions, cultures and the flavours (Jones, Magnusson, Swinburn, Webster, Wood, Sacks and Neal, 2016). They became an indispe nsable division within the grouping that they are active as a business as well as a dealer towards the neighborhood. Moreover, they have been pioneering to several problems such as the health of individuals as well as the ecological safeguard (Carruthers, 2016). Nestle corporation as the biggest food and the beverage worldwide, they trust they have a duty towards the customers and they are considering on this duty of the sincerity. They believe that the people should always live within a lifestyle that is healthy through the performance of various sports activities (Phillips, 2014). They have supported on numerous games occasions and they are continually urging people to be in the direction of becoming active. Moreover, based on their agreement with the Australian Institute of the sport they will aim at the improving of the young people towards getting on their familiarity as well as comprehending the nourishment (Lawrence, 2001). Nestle company has positioned themselves one among t he entire nourishment supplier within the Australian business despite the hard-hitting economic situations which has affected many organization globally. The industry the company operates in Nestle company is one of the biggest food and the beverage corporation worldwide. The company believes they have a duty towards the customer through provision of the various services and products. The company operates in the food processing industry whose purpose is the transformation of the finished food products (Jones, Magnusson, Swinburn, Webster, Wood, Sacks and Neal, 2016). The Nestle company focus on efficiency in regards to the fast processing and the distribution. They usually implement a diversification competitive strategy in which they spread out and add related or similar products to their existing core of the business (Li, 2015). As one of the largest food company in the world, Nestle organization is the food processing industry, which is the undisputed leader (Roberts, 2014). The company has over twenty-nine brands, which independently earn revenue upwards. The company solidifies themselves as the most geographically diverse of all the major food and the beverage compa nies (Li, 2015). The company has been concerned with the creation of the long-term value as well as catering to the clients wants as well as the needs through employment of the decentralized approach the market. The company usually thrive its success through the marketing strategy and strategy as well as its manufacturing operations (Phillips, 2014). All the manufacturing of the products of the company occurs at their own plants in order to be able to control all the aspects of the value creation, from marketing and the supply chain factor to the technology as well as the processes of the plant. Number of staff in Australia Nestle has been positioned to a number amongst the nourishment of the supplier within the Australian business sector during the 2008. Nestle Australia has employed more than seven hundred people (Li, 2015). The Nestle Oceania in the Australia has hired to more than 6500 individuals with more than twenty plants and 4 dissemination focuses claimed as well as handled by the corporation. Number of staff globally Based on the statistic shows that the total number of the Nestle employees who are employed worldwide from the year 2008 to 2016 are approximately 328,000. The company is the multinational consumer good organizations whose headquarter is in Vevey, Switzerland (Lawrence, 2001). The company has been present to more than eighty-six countries across the world. It was founded with the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Condensed milk Corporation and the Farine Lactee Henri Nestle. Location of global headquarters Nestle international is a Swiss food and health connected client commodities corporation which is headquartered within Vevey, Switzerland. The company is the principal food corporation globally. The regulatory framework affecting the multinational company that are operating in Australia Various regulatory frameworks have been affecting the multinational organization especially which are operating in Australia some of these framework have been discussed as below: Forum on the food Regulation This is a fundamentally in charge of the growth, which is associated to the residential food administrative policies, and the improvement of the strategy rule, which set up the local food principles (Phillips, 2014). The FoFR has the ability in the embracing, altering or perhaps decline in the principles as well as the demand, which these could be evaluated (Carruthers, 2016). The participation of this food regulation forum usually involves the Minister from the New Zealand as well as the Health Ministers from the Australian nations along with the regions, the government of Australia, and other Ministers from the connected ranges who are assigned depending on their jurisdictions (O'Halloran, Lacy, Grimes, Woods, Campbell and Nowson, 2017). Through this forum, it usually guarantees a food chain method towards the safeguarding of the food safety rule. Food Standards Australia New Zealand This is also referred to as FSANZ, which is a bi national organization of government. Their main duty is the building along with the management of what we refer to as the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (Phillips, 2014). This code usually records on the importance for the foodstuff for instance the additives, security of foodstuff, labelling along with the GM foods (O'Halloran, Lacy, Grimes, Woods, Campbell and Nowson, 2017). In Australia the FSANZ usually arrange on the principles who are across the food supply chain, along with both the processing and the production principles whose intended purpose is for the food cleanliness, and the setting of the remainder restriction in the food used for farming and the veterinary aspects. The usually build on the principles especially when it comes the discussion together with the government organizations and all the stakeholders. The national food security principles is based on the protecting of the health and the security of the purchaser and they are produced based on the administrative approaches used by the FSANZ and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards code (Richards, Thomas, Randle and Pettigrew, 2015). The countries as well as the regions their purpose is to take charge when it comes to the executing of the food standards code (Phillips, 2014). An example in Victoria, the purpose of DFSV function is that of executing and upholding on the principles of foods on the daily basis. Food Regulation Standing Committee (FRSC) This is a sub board of the trustee of the FoFR. It essentially contains the senior authorities of the Departments that the Ministers spoke to and it has a portfolio obligation (Li, 2015). The function of this association is for the facilitation of the strategy guidance towards the FoFR and it usually guarantees on the broad steady way when it comes to dealing with the usage along with the enforcement of the standards of the food. It is important to note that the Australia food regulatory system usually involves the following: One entails the execution of the inter-governmental Agreement, which is the requisite of the alternation of the ANZFA Act of 1991 which aim was the setting up of the methods for the framework of the foodstuff administration. Further, the Australia New Zealand Food Regulation Standing Committee uses the harmonizing approach in order to advice the ANZ Food Standards Councils that has been led by the secretary of the Commonwealth health office. The treaties, agreements that have impacted on the products or perhaps the services that the multinational company in Australia provides Both the Australia New Zealand Food Standard setting Agreement and the Australia and New Zealand have entered into an agreement aimed at the improvement of the combined foodstuff guidelines in both of these nations. It is therefore significant in the evaluation of the CoOl perquisites in the perspective of building a combined methodology in regards to CoOL for the food. There might be arrangements, which are enclosed on the Australia and the New Zealand enactment such as the Australia Trade Practices of the 1974, the Australian Commerce Trade Descriptions Act of the 1905. The agreement for the food regulation (FRA) The FRA that was essentially marked by the council of the Australian Governments which was back in 2000, it influence especially to the pledge by the commonwealth, the territory government and the state in the aim towards the national way in dealing with the food regulation especially in Australia (Watson, Kury, Wellard, Hughes, Dunford and Chapman, 2016). The aim of the FRA is intended in providing the national arrangement of the secure food controls, whose purpose is to ensure a general health as well as security. Additionally, they help decrease on the administrative weight on the division of food; provide moneymaking conformity as well as authorization courses of the actions, and the provision of the reliable administrative methodology. Food treaty between the Australia and the New Zealand Both the government of the Australia and that of New Zealand have formalized on a joint food standards system through the treaty which was the contract among the government of the Australia that of New Zealand for setting on the arrangement for the development of joint standards of food. The treaty has focused on the reduction of the obstruction in order to trade, receiving of the joint arrangement of the good benchmarks, accommodating of the well-timed improvement, reception and the assessment of the food standards as well as the encouragement of the sharing of data (Vlassopoulos, Masset, Charles, Hoover, Chesneau-Guillemont, Leroy, Lehmann, Spieldenner, Tee, Gibney and Drewnowski, 2016). How it impacts on the goods and the services of the Nestle Australia When we look at an instance how it influences is when the agreement obliges the Nestle Company towards selling of a select ten-year permit especially for the Pfizers s-26 as well as the SMA brands. This followed by a means of the further ten-year black out period that Nestle could not be allowed to entering again in the business sector with the Pfizers brands (Rezaeegiglo, Sadouni, Aref, Khotbesara and Eslam, 2014). Based on the conditions of the agreement, the supplier from outside which wins on the permit could source on the items from the Nestle company, with perspective to be in the due course of the manufacturing their own particular nourishment products for the baby (Lawrence, 2001). Amid which is the ten year blackout, would not allow anyone in Australia to the direction of selling on those brands. Moreover, it has been trusted that the supplier selected could by this point sell on their own items. Conclusion Nestle is regarded as a multinational corporation that is situated in Australia as one of their subsidiary whose headquarter is situated in Vevey, Switzerland. The company has been dealing with the food and the beverage business over the years. The company has been performing much exceptionally in the global business sector since it has been pulling in the customers. The company was established in 1867 and has provided many products to the customers. In the essay, it has examined on three questions of which the focus has been identifying of this multinational company on its operation in Australia. Further, it has provided on the regulatory framework, which have been affecting the company and how they have affected it. Lastly, the focus has been identification of the treaties, as well as agreements, which have influenced on both the products and the services, which Nestle multinational company has provided in Australia and the impact they have brought. These questions have been well e xplained and a comprehensive description has been formulated. References Carruthers, S., 2016. Food Recall Plan. Practical Hydroponics and Greenhouses, (170), p.3. Jones, A., Magnusson, R., Swinburn, B., Webster, J., Wood, A., Sacks, G. and Neal, B., 2016. Designing a Healthy Food Partnership: lessons from the Australian Food and Health Dialogue. BMC public health, 16(1), p.651. Lawrence, M., 2001. The Australian food regulatory system: troubling times ahead?. Australian Review of Public Affairs, 10. Li, T., 2015. Nestle Employee Recruitment Research. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(4). O'Halloran, S.A., Lacy, K.E., Grimes, C.A., Woods, J., Campbell, K.J. and Nowson, C.A., 2017. A novel processed food classification system applied to Australian food composition databases. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Phillips, N., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility ReportingNestl Company. City. Rezaeegiglo, R., Sadouni, A., Aref, F., Khotbesara, P. and Eslam, N., 2014. Review and Rating factors affecting the Deployment of (CRM) Customer Relationship Management at Nestle Company. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), p.539 Richards, Z., Thomas, S.L., Randle, M. and Pettigrew, S., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility programs of Big Food in Australia: a content analysis of industry documents. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 39(6), pp.550-556. Roberts, P.B., 2014. Food irradiation is safe: Half a century of studies. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 105, pp.78-82. Vlassopoulos, A., Masset, G., Charles, V.R., Hoover, C., Chesneau-Guillemont, C., Leroy, F., Lehmann, U., Spieldenner, J., Tee, E.S., Gibney, M. and Drewnowski, A., 2016. A nutrient profiling system for the (re) formulation of a global food and beverage portfolio. European journal of nutrition, pp.1-18. Watson, W.L., Kury, A., Wellard, L., Hughes, C., Dunford, E. and Chapman, K., 2016. Variations in serving sizes of Australian snack foods and confectionery. Appetite, 96, pp.32-37

Who Do We Think We Are Essay Example For Students

Who Do We Think We Are? Essay 1Who Do We Think We Are?Capital Punishment is the penalty of death for a crime. The most common criminals who are executed are convicted murderers. What message is that sending? The use of capital punishment sends the message that murder is okay, as long as it is applied to the right person. The application of capital punishment in our society is hypocritical. It has no place in the judicial system. The way we handle the punishment of capital crimes is pathetic! There are other ways to punish criminals outside of taking their lives, but we, for some reason, feel the need to play the exterminator. The people who commit capital crimes are not animals to be exterminated. They are human. They deserve the same breath that everyone else takes. If a person commits a heinous crime then that person is obviously not normal. That person is obviously in need of mental help and, we should help these criminals instead of hurting them (religioustolerance.org). Criminals have families and friends wh o care about them. Why should the innocent bystanders be punished because of anothers actions? Killing anyone, for any reason, only brings on more pain and suffering than is necessary. We should recognize the problems in 2our society and heal those problems instead of placing a temporary fix on a permanent problem. Capital punishment is excessive and unnecessary. Killing a criminal only solves one problem and causes many more. The one problem it solves is the criminal is no longer walking the streets. Encarceration would serve the same purpose. If the criminal is encarcerated then he/she no longer poses a direct threat to society, so killing him/her would be overkill (pardon the pun). It causes other problems because the criminal was executed merely out of retribution. Sort of an eye for an eye. Actions like this only keep hatred and condemnation flowing in society (progress.org). We will write a custom essay on Who Do We Think We Are? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A punishment can only be called a deterrent if it is performed consistantly and promptly. There are three reasons why capital punishment cannot be performed with any consistancy or promptness. 1) The number of convicted murderers sentenced to death are small, and of that number, an even smaller number are actually executed2)Manditory death sentences are unconstitutional (Woodson v. North Carolina, 1976). 3)A considerable time between the imposition of the death sentence and the actual execution is unavoidable. If a person is going to premeditate a capital crime, he/she is not going to be concerned with the punishment he/she will recieve. Instead, they are actually concentrating on how they will commit the crime. Even after that they are not thinking of the 3consequences, they now are thinking of how they will evade detection and capture by the police. The severest of punishments will not deter these criminals. If a capital crime is commited in the heat of the moment, when most capital crimes actually are, the criminal is not thinking correctly, he/she can not actually contemplate what will happen as a result of commiting the crime. Every human being on this planet has a breaking point, and everyone is capable of murder. When someone reaches that point there is no punishment capable of deterring them. Some capital crimes are commited as a result of being under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The criminals who commit these capital crimes are obviously not in a right frame of mind and should not be executed. This is not to say they shouldnt be held accountable for their actions, this is merely saying they do not deserve to lose their own life. They may not even be conscious of the action they are committing, so how could they possibly consider the consequences?There are also other, underlying, situations when capital crimes are commited. Here are a few:Mentally ill individuals who have little or no regard for the consequence of their actions. .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 , .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .postImageUrl , .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 , .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:hover , .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:visited , .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:active { border:0!important; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:active , .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3 .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue8f4898e688624cae61de891d769a8b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Has Political Islam Failed in Algeria? EssayBrain-damaged individuals who experience periods of uncontrollable rage and sometimes killPolitical terrorists who are acting for either a religion or a leader of a group that 4honors its martyrs. Professional hit-men who are ONLY focused on evading captureOther than professional hit-men, few of the people mentioned are actually in a rational state of mind when they commit their crimes. Death as a deterrent is an unrealistic idea for these individuals because either they cannot conceive what they are doing is wrong, or they are not thinking of the consequences of thier actions (www.religioustolerance.org). Capital punishment in California, as in every other state, is more expensive than a life imprisonment sentence without the opportunity of parole. These costs are not the result of frivolous appeals but rather the result of Constitutionally mandated safeguards that can be summarized as follows: Juries must be given clear guidelines on sentencing, which result in explicit provisions for what constitutes aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Defendants must have a dual trialone to establish guilt or innocence and if guiltya second trial to determine whether or not they would get the death penalty. Defendants sentenced to death are granted oversight protection in an automaticappeal to the state supreme court. These constitutional safeguards translate into: a more extensive jury selection procedure 5a four fold increase in the number of motions fileda longer, dual trial process more investigators and expert testimony more lawyers specializing in deathpenalty litigation and automatic, mandatory appeals Since there are few defendants who will plead guilty to a capital charge, virtually every death penalty trial becomes a jury trial with all of the above necessary requirements and expenses. David Ericksons study of Los Angeles County breaks down the cost of a capital trial and compares it with the costs of a murder trial where the death penalty is not sought. The following schedule is a summary of Ericksons cost study of a death penalty trial inLos Angeles County only. (deathpenalty.org)If the cost of incarceration on death row and the cost for the mandated appeal to the State Supreme Court were added to the above capital trial expenses, the cost would increase to an estimated 2.5 to 3 million dollars per execution. If the cost of incarceration of an inmate sentenced to life imprisonment without parole were added to the above non-6capital trial expenses, which is less expensive than confinement of an individual on death row, the cost of life in prison without parole would increase to an estimated 1 to 1.5 million dollars. Prisoners are executed in the United States by any one of five methods; in a few jurisdictions the prisoner is allowed to choose which one he or she prefers. These are the methods of capital punishment in use in mid-1997. The traditional mode of execution, hanging, is an option still available in Delaware, New Hampshire and Washington. Death on the gallows is easily bungled: If the drop is too short, there will be a slow and agonizing death by strangulation. If the drop is too long, the head will be torn off. Two states, Idaho and Utah, still authorize the firing squad. The prisoner is strapped into a chair and hooded. A target is pinned to the chest. Five marksmen, one with blanks, take aim and fire. Throughout the twentieth century, electrocution, has been the most widely used form of execution in this country, and is still utilized in eleven states. The condemned prisoner is led or dragged into the death chamber, strapped into the chair, and electrodes are fastened to head and legs. When the switch is thrown the body strains,jolting as the voltage is raised and lowered. Often smoke rises from the head. There is the awful odor of burning flesh. No one knows how long electrocuted individuals retain consciousness. .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 , .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .postImageUrl , .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 , .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:hover , .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:visited , .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:active { border:0!important; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:active , .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539 .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3f99297aeaf7c66099f65752cead539:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Steinbeck (811 words) Essay7In 1983, the electrocution of John Evans in Alabama was described by an eyewitness as follows: At 8:30 p.m. the first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flames erupted from the electrode tied to Mr. Evans left leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. The electrode apparently burst from the strap holding it in place. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered Mr. Evans face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doct ors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead. The electrode on the left leg was re-fastened. Mr. Evans was administered a second thirty second jolt of electricity. The stench of burning flesh was nauseating. More smoke emanated from his leg and head. Again, the doctors examined Mr. Evans. They reported that his heart was still beating, and that he was still alive. At that time, I asked the prison commissioner, who was communicating on an open telephone line to Governor George Wallace, to grant clemency on the grounds that Mr. Evans was being subjected to cruel and unusual punishment. The request was denied. At 8:40 p.m., a third charge of electricity, thirty seconds in duration, was passed through Mr. Evans body. At 8:44, the doctors pronounced him dead. The execution of John Evans took fourteen minutes. Afterwards, officials were embarrassed by what one 8observer called the barbaric ritual. The prison spokesman remarked, This was supposed to be a very clean manner of administering death. (www.aclu.org)Since it has been argued in the previous pages, capital punisment is morally wrong, then to deliberately kill someone, who has already been detained and no longer poses a direct threat to society, is murder. 9Works Citedhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/execute.htmhttp://www.progress.org/archive/fold56.htmhttp://www.aclu.org/library/case_against_death.html#retributionWoodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280http://www.deathpenalty.org/newsninfo/cost.htmlSocial Issues

Sir Gwain and the Greeness essays

Sir Gwain and the Greeness essays There once lived a king, the great king of Uruk in Mesopotamia. This great leader was Gilgamesh. His preserved epic is of great significance to modern day culture. Through Gilgamesh, the fate of mankind is revealed, and the inevitable factor of change is expressed. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, it is a great love, followed by a lingering grief that cause a significant change in the character of Gilgamesh. Before the coming of Enkidu, Gilgamesh was a man of pure power. A being of which there was no equal match, Gilgamesh boasted upon his overwhelming glory and power. This arrogance was accompanied with an extensive abuse of power, which led the city of Uruk into a state of injustice and rage. "His arrogance has no bounds by day or night" (Sanders 62). Still, Gilgamesh felt no despair; he lived to display to others his majestic power. The first sign of a sincere change in Gilgamesh arises as a result of the birth of Enkidu. From the beginning, a powerful link developed between Gilgamesh a nd Enkidu. The bond was as powerful as that between man and woman. The wise Ninsun said to Gilgamesh, "You will love him as a woman and he will never forsake you" (66). Gilgamesh had finally met his match, a friend that would serve as his life-long companion. Upon the seal of this great friendship, Gilgamesh began to change his selfish ways. He shared with Enkidu the luxuries of kingship. Shamash, speaking to Enkidu, said, "He (Gilgamesh) has made the princes of the earth kiss your feet, and now all the people of Uruk lament and wail over you"(91). Setting aside his great pride and power, Gilgamesh had opened a place in his heart, and in his sumptuous life, for his beloved brother. The second significant change in Gilgamesh was caused by the loss of his brotherly companion, Enkidu. Gilgamesh couldn't bear the loss of a love so powerful. Despite his astonishing power and leadership, something in his life was missing. He wept for sev ...

HEALTH PROMOTION AND THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Article

HEALTH PROMOTION AND THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - Article Example Realistically, health promotion requires one to focus on issues that affect their health lives and how they can effectively change them to influence a healthy life (Hartford, 2012). For example, if a person is unemployed, change in their location of residence will not take much effect in addressing their immediate problem. Healthy child development is a long term process that starts long before birth, and it determines the health and well-being of the child throughout his or her life. Healthy living of a child through all development stages is fundamental to the child’s thriving and the child is positioned to reach his or her potential adulthood (Hartford, 2012). Evidently, in the writing, Social determinants of health: The Canadian facts by Mikkonen and Raphael, maltreatment during infancy and early childhood have shown negative child development, affecting the brain and cognitive development. It all affects academic achievement, and these factors have proven to be destructiv e through jeopardizing the future performance of the child. Repercussions of negative impacts such as child abuse and neglect are manifested into adulthood and adolescence physically, intellectually and psychologically (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010). The capacity and deliverance of a child depends substantially on the environment or surrounding where he or she is raised (Hartford, 2012). Extensive research bodies confirm brain development, school readiness, subsequent learning and future adults’ health are substantially influenced by early experience. Health determinants are those factors that shape the health of a child and are characterized by the social and economic factors ranging from the activities they do, including play to how they are treated through their child hood. Such factor influence the child’s potential of the future and should be addressed with accordingly (Kozier, 2009). Health promotion, on the other hand, deals with the ways how a child will grow in a conducive environment for a better future by taking exert control over determinants of health and here by improving their health (World Health Organization, 2011). Nurses play a fundamental role in health promotion; their role branches out to caring for fit people, as well as the ill (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010). Acting as ambassadors of health promotion through preserving of wellness to reduce the number of times a child has to seek health-care services as established by a seminal article of Donaldson and Crowley, nurses’ role in providing information for better living has proven to be one of the key agendas in health promotion; education, as well as availability to the clients, has proven effective. Long-term relation with mothers by working even in their homes has encouraged mothers to take advantage of their strength and achieve their goals (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010). Nurses act as advisers to mothers from child birth to parenthood (Hartford, 2012). Their suppor t, through deliverance of healthy babies to becoming confident parents and encouragement to pursue a better future for themselves and their children, has proven most effective. Such roles manifest themselves like: Helping mothers practice preventive health procedures and good parental skills. These include diet improvement and reduction of stimuli and other drugs for instance